By taking advantage of them all, we need not depend on any one point in the system to do the whole job. We believe that compliance with the standard should define the standard of care owed by a company to its employees and the public for legal purposes. At many entry points to vulnerable facilities, including gates for boarding aircraft, sources of identification are the last opportunity to ensure that people are who they say they are and to check whether they are terrorists.41, Strategies for Aviation and Transportation Security This vision includes widespread political participation and contempt for indiscriminate violence. But terrorists should perceive that potential targets are defended. category of analysis (e.g. Each must be supported by other layers that are redundant and coordinated. Recommendation: Vigorous efforts to track terrorist financing must remain front and center in U.S. counterterrorism efforts. Our border screening system should check people efficiently and welcome friends. The benchmarks will be imperfect and subjective; they will continually evolve. 234 0 obj <>/Encrypt 208 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<7FA2104D8EB74FF4A0257C309BE04EF8>]/Index[207 834]/Info 206 0 R/Length 156/Prev 945214/Root 209 0 R/Size 1041/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream National security used to be considered by studying foreign frontiers, weighing opposing groups of states, and measuring industrial might. Indeed, many terrorists come from relatively well-off families.

About 6,000 agencies provide transit services through buses, subways, ferries, and light-rail service to about 14 million Americans each weekday.42. Since the international struggle against Islamist terrorism is not internal, those provisions do not formally apply, but they are commonly accepted as basic standards for humane treatment. On proliferation, Musharraf has repeatedly said that Pakistan does not barter with its nuclear technology.

Does the US need to fashion a broad, integrated plan to stop the next generation of terrorists? Within Pakistan's borders are 150 million Muslims, scores of al Qaeda terrorists, many Taliban fighters, and-perhaps-Usama Bin Ladin. Al Qaeda also exploited relatively lax internal security environments in Western countries, especially Germany. Many in the government have sympathized with or provided support to the extremists. Some of the changes are due to government action, such as new precautions to protect aircraft. But hard choices must be made. Finally, the nation must prepare to deal with attacks that are not stopped. In short, the United States has to help defeat an ideology, not just a group of people, and we must do so under difficult circumstances. The plan should assign roles and missions to the relevant authorities (federal, state, regional, and local) and to private stakeholders. First, how much money should be set aside for criteria not directly related to risk? Al Qaeda and its affiliates are popularly described as being all over the world, adaptable, resilient, needing little higher-level organization, and capable of anything. If, as we recommend, there is substantial change in the way we collect and share intelligence, there should be a voice within the executive branch for those concerns. Finally, Pakistan has made little progress toward the return of democratic rule at the national level, although that turbulent process does continue to function at the provincial level and the Pakistani press remains relatively free. They may seek to acquire a passport.

Course Hero member to access this document, Ch.28 Guided Reading and Analysis edited.pdf, Concept Outline - Period 8 (1945-1980) with Examples 2015 dkr.docx, University of the Incarnate Word HISTORY 1321, Copyright 2022. The leaders of the United States and the rulers of Saudi Arabia have long had friendly relations, rooted in fundamentally common interests against the Soviet Union during the Cold War, in American hopes that Saudi oil supplies would stabilize the supply and price of oil in world markets, and in Saudi hopes that America could help protect the Kingdom against foreign threats. Yet the strategy should be balanced. The United States should work with friends to develop mutually agreed-on principles for the detention and humane treatment of captured international terrorists who are not being held under a particular country's criminal laws. Good immigration services are one way of doing so that is valuable in every way-including intelligence. There is evidence that the present system is disrupting travel to the United States. Had they done so, they could have discovered the ways in which the terrorist predecessors to al Qaeda had been systematically but detectably exploiting weaknesses in our border security since the early 1990s. New principles might draw upon Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions on the law of armed conflict. There are several multilateral institutions in which such issues should be addressed. In October 2003, reflecting on progress after two years of waging the global war on terrorism, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld asked his advisers: "Are we capturing, killing or deterring and dissuading more terrorists every day than the madrassas and the radical clerics are recruiting, training and deploying against us? Congress should set a specific date for the completion of these plans and hold the Department of Homeland Security and TSA accountable for achieving them. This should include discretionary funds for expenditures by military units that often encounter opportunities to help the local population. American foreign policy is part of the message. On the other side of the frontier, U.S. forces in Afghanistan have found it challenging to organize effective joint operations, given Pakistan's limited capabilities and reluctance to permit U.S. military operations on its soil. Our report shows that the terrorists analyze defenses. America does stand up for its values. Intelligence and law enforcement have targeted the relatively small number of financial facilitators-individuals al Qaeda relied on for their ability to raise and deliver money-at the core of al Qaeda's revenue stream. Once inside the country, they may seek another form of identification and try to enter a government or private facility. It had the operational space to gather and sift recruits, indoctrinating them in isolated, desert camps. The U.S. government can do its part if the international community decides on a joint effort to restore the rule of law and contain rampant crime and narcotics trafficking in this crossroads of Central Asia. We heard again and again that the money for assistance is allocated so rigidly that, on the ground, one U.S. agency often cannot improvise or pitch in to help another agency, even in small ways when a few thousand dollars could make a great difference. Commerce, especially international commerce, requires ongoing cooperation and compromise, the exchange of ideas across cultures, and the peaceful resolution of differences through negotiation or the rule of law. Scattered units at Homeland Security and the State Department perform screening and data mining: instead, a government-wide team of border and transportation officials should be working together. 10. We should offer an example of moral leadership in the world, committed to treat people humanely, abide by the rule of law, and be generous and caring to our neighbors. A Layered Security System Large areas scattered around the world meet these criteria.5. Its government stood aside and allowed the U.S.-led coalition to destroy the Taliban regime. Thus our strategy must match our means to two ends: dismantling the al Qaeda network and prevailing in the longer term over the ideology that gives rise to Islamist terrorism. For the first time in many years, Afghans have reason to hope.11, But grave challenges remain. This is entirely appropriate, for the private sector controls 85 percent of the critical infrastructure in the nation. Recommendation: The U.S. government cannot meet its own obligations to the American people to prevent the entry of terrorists without a major effort to collaborate with other governments. Recommendation:The problems in the U.S.-Saudi relationship must be confronted, openly. Today, mutual recriminations flow. They are more difficult to thwart. The institutional commitments of NATO and the United Nations to these enterprises are weak. The President should direct the Department of Homeland Security to lead the effort to design a comprehensive screening system, addressing common problems and setting common standards with systemwide goals in mind. We should also work with other countries to ensure effective inspection regimes at all airports.39, The international community arrives at international standards for the design of passports through the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). These actions appeared to have little effect and, when confronted by legal challenges, the United States and the United Nations were often forced to unfreeze assets. In this same sense, the American homeland is the planet. At the same time, Saudi Arabia's society was a place where al Qaeda raised money directly from individuals and through charities. We must work with others to improve passport standards and provide foreign assistance to countries that need help in making the transition.40. Economic development remains a distant hope. Public safety organizations, chief administrative officers, state emergency management agencies, and the Department of Homeland Security should develop a regional focus within the emergency responder community and promote multi-jurisdictional mutual assistance compacts. Reflecting on Bin Ladin's success in reaching Muslim audiences, Richard Holbrooke wondered, "How can a man in a cave outcommunicate the world's leading communications society?" Setting Priorities for National Preparedness In the meantime, the best protective measures may be to combine improved methods of identifying and tracking the high-risk containers, operators, and facilities that require added scrutiny with further efforts to integrate intelligence analysis, effective procedures for transmitting threat information to transportation authorities, and vigilance by transportation authorities and the public. Publicity and the vigilance of ordinary Americans also make a difference. But proliferation concerns have been long-standing and very serious. This site is archived. Because "transit without visa" can be exploited by terrorists to enter the United States, the program should not be reinstated unless and until transit passage areas can be fully secured to prevent passengers from illegally exiting the airport. Recommendation: The TSA and the Congress must give priority attention to improving the ability of screening checkpoints to detect explosives on passengers. Terrorists should no longer find safe haven where their organizations can grow and flourish. Poor education is a particular concern. What should Americans expect from their government in the struggle against Islamist terrorism? All frontline personnel should receive some training. It is not synonymous with terror.

Millions of families, especially those with little money, send their children to religious schools, or madrassahs. As a result, neither the U.S. nor the Saudi people appreciated all the dimensions of the bilateral relationship, including the Saudi role in. Cooperation had already become significant, but after the bombings in Riyadh on May 12, 2003, it improved much more. Recommendation:The burden of proof for retaining a particular governmental power should be on the executive, to explain (a) that the power actually materially enhances security and (b) that there is adequate supervision of the executive's use of the powers to ensure protection of civil liberties. The U.S.-Israeli FTA was enacted in 1985, and Congress implemented an FTA with Jordan in 2001. It is revealing that in June 2004, Taliban fighters resorted to slaughtering 16 Afghans on a bus, apparently for no reason other than their boldness in carrying an unprecedented Afghan weapon: a voter registration card. The Saudi crackdown after the May 2003 terrorist attacks in Riyadh has apparently reduced the funds available to al Qaeda-per-haps drastically-but it is too soon to know if this reduction will last. Surface transportation systems such as railroads and mass transit remain hard to protect because they are so accessible and extensive. It is hard to overstate the importance of Pakistan in the struggle against Islamist terrorism. This shift of power and authority to the government calls for an enhanced system of checks and balances to protect the precious liberties that are vital to our way of life. Throughout the government, nothing has been harder for officials-executive or legislative-than to set priorities, making hard choices in allocating limited resources. In the nearly three years since 9/11,Americans have become better protected against terrorist attack. These difficulties have certainly afflicted the Department of Homeland Security, hamstrung by its many congressional overseers. International cooperation has been strong, with a clear UN mandate and a NATO-led peacekeeping force (the International Security Assistance Force, or ISAF). Course Hero, Inc. We have seen the government use the immigration laws as a tool in its counterterrorism effort. An organization like al Qaeda, headquartered in a country on the other side of the earth, in a region so poor that electricity or telephones were scarce, could nonetheless scheme to wield weapons of unprecedented destructive power in the largest cities of the United States. A special note on the importance of trusting subjective judgment: One potential hijacker was turned back by an immigration inspector as he tried to enter the United States. To be dangerous, an enemy had to muster large armies. Russia and China should be encouraged to participate. Describe how the Cold War fluctuated between periods of direct and indirect military confrontation and, Examine how the US sought to contain Soviet-dominated communism through military engagements in. The TSA should be able to identify for Congress the array of potential terrorist attacks, the layers of security in place, and the reliability provided by each layer. In this sense, 9/11 has taught us that terrorism against American interests "over there" should be regarded just as we regard terrorism against America "over here." Because large states were more powerful, they also had more to lose. Afghanistan Americans should not be exempt from carrying biometric passports or otherwise enabling their identities to be securely verified when they enter the United States; nor should Canadians or Mexicans. Privacy NATO must pass this test. The "no-fly" and "automatic selectee" lists include only those individuals who the U.S. government believes pose a direct threat of attacking aviation. Internationally and in the United States, constraining terrorist travel should become a vital part of counterterrorism strategy. If we favor one tool while neglecting others, we leave ourselves vulnerable and weaken our national effort. Today more than 9 million people are in the United States outside the legal immigration system. ", These ambitions continue. Economic growth expands the middle class, a constituency for further reform. We do not believe it is possible to defeat all terrorist attacks against Americans, every time and everywhere. Designations are instead a form of diplomacy, as governments join together to identify named individuals and groups as terrorists. Its minimum standards are generally accepted throughout the world as customary international law. The global standard for identification is a digital photograph; fingerprints are optional. We strongly support the decision that federal homeland security funding will be contingent, as of October 1, 2004, upon the adoption and regular use of ICS and unified command procedures. Those who develop the practice of controlling their own economic destiny soon desire a voice in their communities and political societies. No single security measure is foolproof. While efforts to shut down Libya's illegal nuclear program have been generally successful, Pakistan's illicit trade and the nuclear smuggling networks of Pakistani scientist A.Q. For each, it should have a realistic strategy to keep possible terrorists insecure and on the run, using all elements of national power. Pakistan In the fall of 2001, the U.S.-led international coalition and its Afghan allies toppled the Taliban and ended the regime's protection of al Qaeda. Recommendation: We endorse the American National Standards Institute's recommended standard for private preparedness. Similarly, if we are paying insufficient attention to Afghanistan, the rule of the Taliban or warlords and narcotraffickers may reemerge and its countryside could once again offer refuge to al Qaeda, or its successor. Based on the existing American National Standard on Disaster/Emergency Management and Business Continuity Programs (NFPA 1600), the proposed National Preparedness Standard establishes a common set of criteria and terminology for preparedness, disaster management, emergency management, and business continuity programs. The occurrence of this problem at three very different sites is strong evidence that compatible and adequate communications among public safety organizations at the local, state, and federal levels remains an important problem. America and its friends have a crucial advantage-we can offer these parents a vision that might give their children a better future. The experience of the private sector in the World Trade Center emergency demonstrated the need for these standards. Although regarded as very wealthy, in fact per capita income has dropped from $28,000 at its height to the present level of about $8,000. That appears to be changing, however, now that the goal of violent jihad also extends to overthrowing Sunni governments (such as the House of Saud) that are not living up to the ideals of the Islamist extremists.16. Key decisionmakers who are represented at the incident command level help to ensure an effective response, the efficient use of resources, and responder safety. The US is putting relatively little effort into a long-range plan, but we are putting a great deal of effort into trying to stop terrorists. These can sometimes be detected. For example: What information is an individual required to present and in what form? The combined gross domestic product of the 22 countries in the Arab League is less than the GDP of Spain. Recommendation: Homeland security assistance should be based strictly on an assessment of risks and vulnerabilities. It was harder still to do so without disclosing secrets. President Clinton offered us a perceptive analysis of Saudi Arabia, contending that fundamentally friendly rulers have been constrained by their desire to preserve the status quo. Regular joint training at all levels is, moreover, essential to ensuring close coordination during an actual incident. Acknowledging these problems and Musharraf's own part in the story, we believe that Musharraf's government represents the best hope for stability in Pakistan and Afghanistan. The policies that support economic development and reform also have political implications. This work continues. Between fiscal year 2001, the last budget adopted before 9/11, and the present fiscal year 2004, total federal spending on defense (including expenditures on both Iraq and Afghanistan), homeland security, and international affairs rose more than 50 percent, from $354 billion to about $547 billion. It takes two biometric identifiers-digital photographs and prints of two index fingers-from travelers. Such a bomb would level Lower Manhattan.29. This is an ambitious recommendation. In a free-for-all over money, it is understandable that representatives will work to protect the interests of their home states or districts. "28, A nuclear bomb can be built with a relatively small amount of nuclear material. TSA must develop a plan as described above to improve weak individual layers and the effectiveness of the layered systems it deploys. We therefore make three recommendations. Saudi Arabia Pakistan's endemic poverty, widespread corruption, and often ineffective government create opportunities for Islamist recruitment. Recommendation:The U.S. government must identify and prioritize actual or potential terrorist sanctuaries. The Patriot Act vests substantial powers in our federal government. At least some screening should occur before a passenger departs on a flight destined for the United States. Expand the Proliferation Security Initiative.

The organization cemented personal ties among veteran jihadists working together there for years. But this process is likely to be measured in decades, not years. Moreover, some terrorist operations do not rely on outside sources of money and may now be self-funding, either through legitimate employment or low-level criminal activity.30. They may be deterred by a significant chance of failure. We must also be able to monitor and respond to entrances between our ports of entry, working with Canada and Mexico as much as possible. Negative views of the U.S. among Muslims, which had been largely limited to countries in the Middle East, have spread.. . Backward economic policies and repressive political regimes slip into societies that are without hope, where ambition and passions have no constructive outlet. The United States has been and should remain a key supporter of that process. The Commission closed on August 21, 2004. Other evidence we obtained confirmed the importance of letting experienced gate agents or security screeners ask questions and use their judgment. The plan must take into consideration the full array of possible enemy tactics, such as use of insiders, suicide terrorism, or standoff attack. If, for example, Iraq becomes a failed state, it will go to the top of the list of places that are breeding grounds for attacks against Americans at home. Terrorist Travel Islam is not the enemy. Successful economies rely on vibrant private sectors, which have an interest in curbing indiscriminate government power. It is a process that will be violently opposed by Islamist terrorist organizations, both inside Muslim countries and in attacks on the United States and other Western nations. Elections are being prepared. Funds will be spent directly for building and operating primary and secondary schools in those Muslim states that commit to sensibly investing their own money in public education. Linking biometric passports to good data systems and decisionmaking is a fundamental goal. Saudi Arabia has been a problematic ally in combating Islamic extremism. What are the consequences of finding a suspicious indicator, and who will take action? U.S. government must build the capacities to prevent a 9/11-scale plot from succeeding, and those capabilities will help greatly to cope with lesser but still devastating attacks. That is the defining quality of world politics in the twenty-first century. Some charities that have been identified as likely avenues for terrorist financing have seen their donations diminish and their activities come under more scrutiny, and others have been put out of business, although controlling overseas branches of Gulf-area charities remains a challenge. It should not lower them too far. Our effort should be accompanied by a preventive strategy that is as much, or more, political as it is military. The United States can promote moderation, but cannot ensure its ascendancy.