The only thing they can do is weave cotton from kapok. g5D2vH8H$Z$$H+!T So when a Chinese goes to this country, the first thing he must do is take in a woman, partly with a view to profiting from her trading abilities. (They have no ramie, either, only hemp.) When the king goes out, troops are at the head of [his] escort; then come flags, banners and music. [1], The book is an account of Cambodia by Zhou Daguan, who visited the country as part of an official diplomatic delegation sent by Temr Khan (Emperor Chengzong of Yuan) in 1296 to deliver an imperial edict. 2 0 obj Cardiff de Alejo Garcia - Passing Notes - Smithsonian Magazine "History & Archaeology". In recent years people from Siam have come to live in Cambodia, and unlike the locals they engage in silk production. All official buildings and homes of the aristocracy, including the Royal Palace, face the east. e6)EIgf"{lf||U7$8GzR'F5'_[)F]TH_rGetd|lF hV23dp",5g;p~Y7U?K endobj They themselves weave the silk <> The Royal Palace stands north of the Golden Tower and the Bridge of Gold: it is one and a half mile in circumference. !h:@WH5R8[:AMq22,R$6i'! """$Q) ^QA[2B;H6s u*Q3e>(3q.x&C2v!N) [5] The text of the book found in the anthology Sea of Stories Old and New was then retranslated into French by Paul Pelliot in 1902, and this translation was later partly revised by Pelliot and republished posthumously in 1951. Nor do the women know how to stitch and darn with a needle and thread. into clothes made of a black, patterned satiny silk. Pelliot's translation is highly regarded and it formed the basis of many later translations into other languages, for example the English translations by J. Gilman dArcy Paul in 1967 and Michael Smithies in 2001. Carved or painted Buddhas decorate all the immense columns and lintels. Excerpts were given in a lengthy compilation Boundaries of Stories (, Shuo fu),[3] in a second version was published in early Qing dynasty. All the outlying buildings are covered with thatch; only the family temple and the principal apartment can be covered in tiles. They do not use a loom for weaving. At his wrists, ankles and fingers he has gold bracelets and rings all set with cat's eyesWhen he goes out, he holds a golden sword [of state] in his hand. After three or four days, he who is wrong shows it by suffering some illness - ulcers, or catarrh, or malignant fever - while the other remains in perfect health. Zhou's account is very useful for determining that the 1st month of the Khmer calendar was "kia-to", called Karttika. !n!2#d'|FWyV}5GW~ WA}pH26W_o|5'dxMj*Wm\-0X / =/05h~G2Sakq?D|0Xk/!XX}'jzD-( C9 =h@ On a royal procession of Indravarman III:[15]. %%EOF 5E[C2W]!euO,AD3SugrG2 k8!wMeO@|q >n .bM{r@Mo"}%7.>U?FUAE|w/k&@eGO@X^:z$a1a0[A1*|Tg0 U mAo%o0w#Z_7[RUH0oacAwA/Z xBW%Pk The Ming version was described as "muddled and jumbled up, six or seven tenths of it missing, barely constituting a book at all". r0ia }&P3&N2d{x` IVkR$00OPiPR0qk^`1m}/&v^~+~z,r.Fz%ec8q6SRL 'I%Xw&.

<>/Metadata 1994 0 R/ViewerPreferences 1995 0 R>> Cloth from the Western Seas is often regarded as the best because it is so well-made and refined. ?x$j];$;04! Thus right or wrong is determined by what is called divine judgment. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> The descriptions in the book are generally considered to be accurate, but there are also mistakes, for example the local Hindu religious devotees were described erroneously by Zhou in Chinese terms as Confucians or Daoists, and the measurements of length and distance used are often less than exact. xb```f`` &B a0p00Ht.*f(f`3,aTx%@ ]1 f9C6 3GGGqV",DDDDC)b!RF&H2VQ0YB(E&s!`CH2Gf-G0f,A^dlqq`BsDDD0Dd0qgP .-|Ni=G H $/d[')|2& However, the work that survives today is believed to be a truncated version, perhaps representing only around a third of the original size. ixh 6mx9O^(DLsAfsm^Opw"aSRXNOSWctnp&*a@^efTY}r NT$qK The book gives descriptions of Yasodharapura, the capital city at the center of Angkor, and everyday palace life and protocols. endobj 0000000567 00000 n 3G #Q+G!>#`~0sHk r`* b$ xkx `'He:hl x There are very many different grades of cloth. X\K#V/48RrM,u V44cnjiPy6NXl^I%Gy WE%DuJ0~X]m,m](\};{]E -vf)p}T~Ag$ajYyE@gF$P`*?`^Ow `M6cmLo7|R]e^fA7h:!qBZp@+:%;nxk^:\F,]N`\E(H|DS!S,4!a^BQ9bg%w M`^Y^4NyAq!:~ b0fk:?qb )cWZG0K)tJ%G0@XDq^>H%FH]eGWX|\TKeGW3e4 3o1W4LhfV}D)ba|;92 aGp@BY2!T5 p*MmQG0qfgtnTJ@K 9ny5APAJ2!Kh*WG[@2/((Z%43/(az(`J#fib0%Z{ )3E*DwZ#NeJ7'{T}6d6XP}P^'$B%Z&vJ.K,UAgCD%m0<2 P2,|6hzxFg#Ng4P(!D ./!9Spi'L:!d)j|XCN%KH&\)Q\c-CABSH nZc,^Y.YRb4tF$ \,*\RB_4&MNXkWANZ$DY/RaDRIRdSLH5]oQS9R +bH"q]'pU"KZRGLq+z+ TVV$8&Rx,a1c' <5PL[V+W(T4t'4ZSI$vRTy)ZanAH Palace women, numbering from three to five hundred, wearing flowered cloth, with flowers in their hair, hold candles in their hands, and form a troupe. 0000000629 00000 n _PvAYSF `_r)6;_akp;?d0+?- A\m!7~d2XnA0fL/ XimP`za|'!N`^L;7X07_KD6_OWoikXr!vtB0 xY j7Qu'tY#LtJtte^PbNA+'+49NI3 C+#^ovqJ*8_\wm/om[o_i2 hAd' 8ql_/j%FIb> d_y_^NH,,lPoO(3? Dw$1O$8`O`*) U@Ih ] 5T(J:L p7 \DGz!bMi^/ZVG [AdS6?v!Mv{L*@}C}P KK>L?l% 5rX`p` M@;!>3R5afNMD;!c-.DuZO'uyFoy*kU)0b{Jd@Cn?oM1Ti}X)khmc^=0:%]7nhg`i5mM). 0000000016 00000 n endstream endobj 17 0 obj<> endobj 18 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/ImageB]>>/Type/Page>> endobj 19 0 obj<>stream Instead they just wind one end of the cloth around their waist, hang the other end over a window, and use a bamboo tube as a shuttle. 9) is said to have a 2nd Ashadha when the old system did not have an extra month in that year. After them come the wives and concubines of the king, in palanquins, carriages, on horseback and on elephants. stream Siamese women do know how to stitch and darn, so when local people have torn or damaged clothing they ask them to do the mending. The women age very quickly, no doubt because they marry and give birth when too young. ?_^/_TA.z0|w= [18], The use in Cambodia of Ashadha as the only intercalary month is not otherwise securely attested until the 1620s AD when a year (Saka 1539; IMA no. iQQ@5%H(q>v+$ErDdB'k";JD "d@Cfj9,H."!!l(HZPXN!*$t6"""! The dwellings of the princes and principal officials have a completely different layout and dimensions from those of the people. /Rttm%fH~ }iw:w The Customs of Cambodia (Chinese: ; pinyin: Zhnl Fngt J), also translated as A Record of Cambodia: the Land and Its People, is a book written by the Yuan dynasty Chinese official Zhou Daguan who stayed in Angkor between 1296 and 1297. [2], Zhou's account was first translated into French in 1819 by Jean-Pierre Abel-Rmusat but it did not have much impact. 3 0 obj On the scale being used here the 9th month is Ashadha, the only intercalary month in Thailand and Laos. 0000000807 00000 n 4 0 obj The roofs are impressive too. trailer %PDF-1.7 i*fia vPE@_Gqd2"""@9vXR-!G DDHd64PDHd(,H@9\"@kY\Hd D@K,AX\DDHd-i0 16;g$Q@LCUR@\V)ae* The elephant's tusks are encased in gold. None of the Khmer inscriptions uses month numbering, but of the three systems used later in Thailand, Karttika was called month 1 in parts of Lanna and was also sometimes so numbered in Laos. The only other written information available is from the inscriptions on temple walls. x\M] 0- mE)ELu_%;%o^GI::^~|xJ_7,}\S]};|~]f_ Ky.|xz!8H!G6p8q]>$\!2r,8]s~ q-ckq']3m/Cf0i2:aw@w#s([3?fY. `_0,_MA(qr+q/A0'L/A1i: xH~[c@_V=iY."Ua>`n+{ZURA0M#TI-o{p_sM=!^oUMpVBka[5j7T3jA6v+3M}N@\XXa?+$i ?$j]ZC>.

I have heard reports that when the Siamese attacked, all When two men dispute over some unknown matter, each of the contestants is forced to sit in one of them while the relatives stand watch at the base. Chou Ta-Kuan, The Customs of Cambodia, transl. [2] Also included are descriptions of the flora and fauna of the region, foodstuff, as well as unusual tales. by John Gilman d'Arcy Paul, Bangkok: Social Science Association Press, 1967. [4], The work is written in classical Chinese; however, there are occasionally words and sentence structures that appear to have been influenced by Zhou's Wenzhou dialect. 0 jd/r 2XDDDDDY!LDFfA2?k!i1$?b4",9q8 zYB"'D>#a'Q x6A9> x7y(! A major modern Chinese versions of the book is an annotated edition, which was compiled by Xia Nai from variants of the text found in 13 editions, completed in 1980 and published in 2000. The official rank of each person determines the size of the houses. 16 0 obj <> endobj the ordinary people were ordered out to do battle, often with no good strategy or preparation. It is not certain when it was completed, but it was written within 15 years of Zhou's return to China in 1297. [citation needed]. The Yuan dynasty original is no longer extant, and the surviving versions appear to be largely based on the truncated Ming version. [2], Texts from the book were collected in various other anthologies. XA U/Y-7L[q"=aKDaDo xa~6Q#C1L L=2mAH1BSDc/cq a[Vb`zF7?3hFw|o6c!N"7X4 FP}w7 dJ%T5hU]Hd6I Although cloth is woven domestically, it also comes from Siam and Champa. [9][10][11] There is also a Thai translation of The Customs of Cambodia by Chaloem Yongbunkiat in 1967, which has been reprinted by Matichon Press in 2014. startxref None of the locals produces silk. When they are out and about they wind a larger piece of cloth over the small one. by Michael Smithies, Bangkok: The Siam Society, 2001. In their right hand they carry a lance, and in their left hand a shield. The soldiers, too, go naked and barefoot. I1! Zhou's account is of great historical significance because it is the only surviving first person written record of daily life in the Khmer Empire. _pMKZi8!XE`e@W4!~arSP_&@%0zL_Ho/ WAuufoDa~ 2!KW:Dkp?V~u 8u@R@T ,}2c7HJZ| H?$OjK-DC $`d V;5D4%. [7][8], In 1971, it was translated into Khmer by Ly Theam Teng[km]. endobj A 17th-century bibliophile, Qian Zeng (), noted the existence of two versions of the work, one a Yuan dynasty edition, the other included in a Ming dynasty anthology called Sea of Stories Old and New (, Gu jin shuo hai). Even then they cannot spin the yarn, but just use their hands to gather the cloth into strands. When they are twenty or thirty years old, they look like Chinese women who are forty or fifty. Open corridors and long colonnades, arranged in harmonious patterns, stretch away on all sides. k <6La6A8.$`fA!_t#;AE9M287DQli[DC.MSDDZi\>* WhE ~$9T8qDA_!\[aQ 9[-0b9h@`ja2$A6"""""""""""$ xdp|3k,s@EsAd\m#@(dukC\r`d(c<3r @b?K [I P3:^^.WmW-WL\z^,Y`` > >5t;a@,fzgTH+cd SXp?gT%de0@e?XB'GlTq7-8awmO7hn)4@Pp!\eH!p x9 CQH8h#Q46 424m.\0q]rv@qhAB(GB 9E;!F9J ^ R?0RC4]*Eae9##%YQ4Kag4S fxFC6%HQ>dw@Lg,8,{B4b%duf76h0I@jB%PYf,(3H>RU\rtAdR(X"!r"$CeH0B""!3MUNB.`a%L#!HtA9CX"C`-DC!`2S4[BHb;*(t!6#B#B"""$$.f BB!0 3 l3v, gm8fL5B""""""""uRcgH!PP|v]EFGL1&`03GgA$ X%QynI8VP Zhou Daguan, The Customs of Cambodia, transl.

The tiles of the main dwelling are of lead. From the king down, the men and women all wear their hair wound up in a knot, and go naked to the waist, wrapped only in a cloth. The materials the king wears include some that are extremely elegant and beautiful, and worth three or four ounces of gold a piece. It also describes various customs and religious practices, the role of women and slaves, trade and city life, agriculture, the Chinese in Cambodia, the war with Siamese, and other aspects of society in Angkor. <> % 0LABI?0P0d=70d'2v!O2+0Ae7hq Sjzk]CtM}r1RNLb'?D:U 1 0 obj In front of the palace there are twelve small stone towers. xref

Harris worked in Cambodia for many years and included modern photographs and maps directly relating to Zhou's original account.[13]. ;&{ CC1,""$a7 ISR#"@D9b86$"HJ&IH\^q pV [3][6] Pelliot however died before he could complete the comprehensive notes he had planned for Zhou's work. Ministers and princes are mounted on elephants, and in front of them one can see, from afar, their innumerable red umbrellas. f!v`HDm >$ > \-)h0$ H'#(pq! (E |>d Only the ruler can dress in cloth with an all-over floral designAround his neck he wears about three pounds of big pearls. p'L1t R%tz[ +(>& ]~s{kN2+3gt\+X ruil '6W!H`DIx:YpSq5PINb+~w+`hxx\ <<7E19788A8937C74B98B9864E7233D52C>]>> Trn Ty phong th k: The Customs of Cambodia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Customs_of_Cambodia&oldid=1087758589, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 14 May 2022, at 09:48. This equation is confirmed when Zhou Daguan says he does not understand why they intercalate only in (their) month 9. 2B"V@AIq!",GTD4$DWg>E)v&Nfr2 ,>"H!aP$!D( !2?M,7_7("=]O{7z?w7WoL&AQQmS@%I;l)o N0D?@?POnf},O IF=,0CIvK?Q@A 0000000952 00000 n Xo a~aWT~a1wah:P0l-CD0P_M,2_a${J>H/Q/AZ>BA(A$h l"d24A7ZN;TpaaWnvn ,n\e7Y< (0' B _+,0%W@ Bvt$ %! CjF< >6X. pN9@diB *a2hVw/ i_AJp 7Km^5t6x/h=-B}a ~Is_4A!_M]Z / 4'o Z"a =]t^|`n (Ashadha is better known as 'month 8' since that is its Southern (Bangkok) equivalence). They have more than one hundred parasols, flecked with gold. Other dwellings are covered with yellow-coloured pottery tiles. "+'PFazOAtnZ zXt tC*KV @KATac /c?_A7]=uB/Aw*c(>k]]>c}>/kV3]~.k?k/A2RX]kKzaW#n*/1fd ~-O&2-}ZPl#2qCv+z/_{KkT, h%A}Ab_|AyT~ Behind them comes the sovereign, standing on an elephant, holding his sacred sword in his hand. Then come other palace women, bearing royal paraphernalia made of gold and silver Then come the palace women carrying lances and shields, with the king's private guards. tj@E The local people who know how to trade are all women. aC]5kHk{DA2UiVaaA4$5Z1kW`P?AitAGJj'"nw nAktUOJWZ]a 6n_n#M :^:DEUIl_?a$)A}]3$b7a$MO1PKi^ 5ee_V6O_!H6A;(F?_A~ _FaqL0AGl$4A'T0A?Ca rPE+~-~J=) endstream endobj 20 0 obj<>/Height 4608>>stream 21 0 obj<>stream {y5vBC_mNb)3*ih'5JT>&N!Kj tZT2JG bhQEEI,U"uAf Even in broad daylight, the candles are lighted. 16 6 They have nothing that could be called bows and arrows, trebuchets, body armor, helmets, or the like. 1A!@3G*@u @\rGuFfrCC 4X=U@kjL@;!p|o;HdDr ihxXhhhCB! W"Lq? &@9 ? The astronomical new year, on the other hand, began in what would have been numbered month 6 (Caitra). %PDF-1.6 % Carts drawn by goats and horses, all in gold, come next. [12], In 2007, Sino-linguist Peter Harris, a Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic Studies New Zealand, completed the first direct translation from Chinese to modern English, correcting many errors in previous translated English versions, with a new title A Record of Cambodia: the Land and Its People. The mulberry trees they grow and the silkworms they raise all come from Siam. jVG/b {Az[}!yzs]o!-0m`8ab*!p"Ib B+A_8'A(tw/[=S^h'!Gm_^CWoj_MS 0000000416 00000 n Truncated text was also given in Lost Histories Old and New (, Gu jin yi shi) from the Ming dynasty, and this same text was used in other collections. +8R%}h(a (,B$DDapB k4x"7hG8" B,/"2 JR)o%@uab",&9 T H*T0T0 B g```adgbb00 K"X\ &f Ff`Q DKB W @ 5 The inscription record between 1296 AD and 1617 AD is very patchy, but such records as survive from the first part of this interval appear to favour the older system of reckoning, suggesting that Zhou Daguan's informants were at the time of his visit in the minority.