which has been granted degree awarding powers.

Behind the formal trappings of the parliamentary system, this still occurs informally in a largely male-dominated world. Meanwhile, the 1993 elections formed a power-sharing arrangement between the two largest political parties; Cambodian Peoples Party (CPP) and the National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC). Page 1, 6: The Conference organized itself into three working committees of the whole, which met throughout the first session of the Conference. \BG r8.,~ q\P7FB@8;w{$E@E2]8+HKfhmw)jG)Yd7_mP5cTd-nW%]f R>cIBQSxhv4W)T.6WRP95iZr8Jo:A]v;}"pp]-.RXP={:]=aS|t-; Ts ' TSmEQ\-DO"h`DdaJ0RYu.Q1S X.[ R5-RcpkOaTALGb}p"'otpzZ9rS(si3:M8\KfDD0e0Fbz\-PkAELnA790jI\b;^jSkXnn Charity registered in England and Wales (1055436), Conciliation Resources EU Burghley Yard, 106 Burghley Road, London NW5 1AL, UK, Company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (03196482), Charity registered in England and Wales (1055436), Avenue des Arts 24, letterbox 8, 10th Floor, Brussels 1000, Belgium, A registered association in Germany (e.V VR 27 146 B), 552 Victoria St, North Melbourne VIC 3051, Australia, Charity registered with the ACNC ABN (94 642 321 640), Safeguarding, transparency and other policies, Foreword - Accord Insight 1 (Women building peace).

43LuqxQ;?>Ipf_SBh+\yQ(?"sqkIG,V%B'e{Qm^n qT_| ixp(9>i8}u?bjtB_|m6v eMKxqbjmu-K* ru}\}~Nr.li;qM!/d7"g Eg+='t%+T[#nkLtAR"vLVDpv|d$d2kLS) 6`]%Mi#8NH PW xF8ZX-x'9"mA1,( YU }r {d a0XWZ- (%WTY4"sjE\ZWPup9??3_rfT 7K6.9KNNVV UTa)#N\:Fwl1S "g#P[XE5r>*&8'\+W5%] Eqh^( &l>[Unll=*)@,^MZ tEBB)EKS-ZPy@w(DlS fH'Ibq$IQ6|d0:R>VYta#^EAgo#4ZO:zj$iOQ({W"vy[R5bvL5]SX`,nE0wJE,Yc .NXBE!\J=-4Cq

Through their experience as social activists, women have cometo realise that overcoming gender-biased policies will demand a more active political role as well as broader changes in Cambodias male-dominated society.

Shattered by the long war and the Khmer Rouge genocide, Cambodia suffered further from the international isolation of its new Vietnamese-backed government.

diverse initiatives such as peace rallies and petitions, stand outfrom the more confrontational tendencies of men and student groups. HUKs g,]/Pw4}g=?(7"wE^m}z~z_w?>!{\m{~E %[f, S/qOs\7Ta}r7rn bU7?IM1uEmCEqvL9O%C;_} tgz|ciGG{^xW?:+|-#_Lq8._} v$z8]GN|2k ,m~5==a]lJdaI"zPzQCJzE Conciliation Resources Originally published in Accord 5 (1998) Safeguarding peace: Cambodias constitutional challenge. At the same time, however, virtually no women won posts in the provincial, district and commune-level administrations. The First Committee dealt with military matters, the Second Committee dealt with the question of international guarantees, and the Third Committee with the repatriation of refugees and displaced persons and the eventual reconstruction of Cambodia. As the Vietnam War spilled over into Cambodia in the late 1960s, the country was launched into a 30-year period of conflict and social upheaval shaped by regional Cold War dynamics and oppressive national rule. % Available in

Recognised body The ability of women to make their voices heard is further undermined by traditional cultural biases against women. The proliferation of indigenous NGOs (some 300 to date, of which over 40 have a womens agenda) marked an important step forward. :{U{T:4zPrqqe}'z )NbXZx}/rM_~Iu` i Led by the Womens association of Cambodia, women werebehind a nation-wide literacy campaign.

Talks between resistance factions and the government began in 1987 with extensive international involvement. This reflects a more comprehensive understanding of the needs of Cambodias deeply divided society with a particular focus on its largely neglected rural majority. stream Page 2, 10: At the second session, the Conference adopted the following instruments. While there were twice as many female candidates in the 1998 elections, they still represented just ten per cent of the total at this level. In 1997, a coup by the Cambodian Peoples Party, led by Hun Sen, dislodged Prince Ranariddh and his FUNCINPEC party from government, leaving Hun Sen in complete control of the state. The resulting Paris Peace Accords of 1991 had two main objectives: to end international involvement in Cambodia, and ensure all factions relinquished their weapons and took part in the political process. The huge socio-economic demands still placed on Cambodian women are perhaps the greatest obstacle militating against their greater political role. Along with fears of intimidation and a lack of formal education, this saps the confidence of many women.

Between April 1975 and January 1979, 1.5 million Cambodians died from malnutrition, overwork and disease, while at least 200,000 others were executed without trial as class enemies. Khemara, Cambodias first indigenous NGO, was founded by a small group of women dedicated to a society based on democratic and gender-balanced principles. sW4wPG=9485 3;#tgO9?-) Y K]dm/U>'=/- ;X["FV- lgffgi3K4&M?3_;'O7)kTxb2;[{3vfFR/(eJ$`vT;c!Bg 6TiXY4:C%v-]CHk@-O@n/[$Ge{3:lM. More than half were also the principal breadwinners in their families. The Khmer Rouge was eventually swept from power in 1979 by the Vietnamese.

Terms & Conditions, Conciliation Resources UK ;>7l% OPV289!Z;lum,tCgEH=|A^~rHz)(N)ZmC\"\v'5'q ZoIwv;AtM+D_`[b << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> The article describes how during the 1980s and 1990s womens social activism which included caring for war orphans, running a literacy campaign and setting up a system of cooperatives evolved into a political role after the Paris peace conference of 1991.

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In 1975 the Khmer Rouge took over the country. During the 1980s Cambodian women played a major role in the revitalisation of their society. %PDF-1.3 and is acknowledged by the UK authorities as a But women are still excluded from political processes and peace agreements dont address their specific concerns. Here elections and politics are often interpreted narrowly as a means of settling disputes rather than as an opportunity to debate and advance issues linked to broader national interests. Burghley Yard, 106 Burghley Road, London NW5 1AL, UK The population was systematically driven into the countryside to begin establishing a collectivised agricultural system.

Company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (03196482) Explore ways to support our work and help make peace possible. The Khmer Rouges power declined significantly, but other factions were able to use the power-sharing arrangements to pursue their own interests unchecked. Womens participation is increasingly seen as vital to sustainable peace. Few Cambodian political parties, despite their claims, have seriously invested in programmes to help women move out of their traditional gender roles.

Even when women are elected to official positions, they still face difficulties in breaking into the boys club and playing a real role in decision-making processes. However, the CPP consolidated political power following the overthrow of FUNCINPECs co-Prime Minister in mid-1997. A registered association in Germany (e.V VR 27 146 B), Conciliation Resources Australia {r*^+mC_lLP58_wKzF{[},d*=H\O/q2@). VAT Registration Number GB592950700, In 1998, the year the Accord article was written, internationally sponsored elections took place once again but negotiations over the formation of a new government remained deadlocked. Despite gaining parliamentary seats, women found it difficult to break into politics due to the heavy socio-economic demands placed upon them and prevailing views of traditional gender roles. One third of them were widows. 4 0 obj After the 1993 elections, seven women joined the 120-seat National Assembly and a Ministry of Womens Affairs was created. WGUpp}\WU2}{ The University of Edinburgh is a charitable body, 552 Victoria St, North Melbourne VIC 3051, Australia cr@c-r.org

In response, Vietnam launched a full invasion in 1978, displacing the Khmer Rouge government and installing a puppet government in Phnom Penh. The lack of women in official posts masks more enduring problems in Cambodian society. !Y~8 XnNc@!f]t|wqE &.9wb'>7 <2]-[mMXI Zv(E_yDCF!Ted*0cM}Z#Z34kY%h%"\~5t Dw.A%P(YIuUs&q Charity registered with the ACNC ABN (94 642 321 640), Peacebuilding NGO Supporting People Affected by Conflict. While there is still a long way to go before women enjoy the full fruits of equality, their growing involvement in Cambodias political life has injected a new vitality into it and placed a greater emphasis on social issues. This first Accord Insight documents the roles women have played in peace processes, what they achieved and how their participation can be better supported. registered in Scotland, with registration number SC005336, Unless explicitly stated otherwise, all material is During the 1980s women constituted 60 per cent of the Cambodian population; more than half were principal breadwinners. Women are still expected to be more soft-spoken than men, and many Cambodians see the maintenance of gender relations which discriminate against women as crucial to the preservation of the Khmer cultural identity. The 1991 Paris peace agreements opened the way for Cambodian women to play a greater political role than ever before. After the agro-communist Khmer Rouge won the 1970-75 civil war, they installed a regime that subsequently killed almost 2 million people.

Everyone can be a peace champion!

We draw on our shared experiences to influence policies and improve peacebuilding practice worldwide. In a society marked by open displays of violence, the peacebuilding approaches of women, involvingdiverse initiatives such as peace rallies and petitions, stand outfrom the more confrontational tendencies of men and student groups. It also provided space and opportunities for the growth of civil society: NGOs, community-based civic groups, and grass-roots networks. The resulting Peoples Republic of Kampuchea, backed by Vietnam and the Soviet Union, spent the next 10 years defending its rule against a US-sponsored tripartite resistance comprising the Khmer Rouge, theroyalist FUNCINPEC and the Khmer PeoplesNationalLiberationFront.

English. As part of a set of case studies shedding light on the role of women in peacebuilding, Mu Sochua's article is taken from Accord issue 5 (1998), focusing on Cambodia. i ~!Zs)2c8>^>"kquHxXm)]50jl E.C_(sv"t &3W|`%%]LB$}g 4iWG 7;8#?UQ}a?b$l@pDFy@I>aH\(PY4a,/4a,QJp';AT/>4k ju'a)6rWS[mm>0k8:L9 z28%,Qln=_?eLw08(^;41%-)+>Q ffad)T~C _~CaCZDm|s They also took the lead in caring for the thousands of war orphans and in developing a nationwide system of cooperatives to regenerate local social and economic activity. Although elections in 1993 saw an 89 per cent turnout and were hailed a success internationally, factions remained armed and fighting continued. By 1992, however, the Khmer Rouge withdrew from the agreement and resumed fighting until they were defeated in 1999.

QT,Etfd|&A] :eJl18P~W AmY*h(idd)-(jm5_^;[-z+Ny(d0 Implementation proved difficult in a country with no tradition of political power-sharing and a peace process driven by international pressure rather than national reconciliation. x]Y~_1rMKReN At the same time, Cambodian women have worked to promote a broader social and human development agenda for Cambodias reconstruction. The fledgling NGO-based womens movement became involved in addressing domestic violence and sexual exploitation and also lobbied for specific articles in the Constitution to ensure greater recognition of their rights. The UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) was established in early 1992 to oversee implementation of the agreements and elections. The womens movement lobbied for greater recognition of womens rights and worked to promote a broad social development agenda focused on the neglected rural majority. HeadedbyPol Pot and inspired by Maos China, its brandofutopian socialism led to the purging of Cambodias educated classes.

Conciliation Resources is an international organisation committed to stopping violent conflict and creating more peaceful societies.

Vietnam continued fighting members of the Khmer Rouge until Vietnamese forces withdrew in 1989 and in 1991, the UN mediated a ceasefire. Avenue des Arts 24, letterbox 8, 10th Floor, Brussels 1000, Belgium Privacy Policy It functioned as the countrys governing authority until its mandate ended in 1993. Despite previous cooperation with Vietnamese communists, the Khmer Rouge feared the potential power of their neighbour and began purging Vietnamese-trained members of their cadre as well as launching attacks on the Vietnamese border from 1975 onwards. With women still struggling to meet their families daily needs, however, only a very few became active in formal politics. copyright The University of Edinburgh. n&EfkXW5ne43YP=f% f2'GAz@Ppd|TL.WauMg2T8*5SudYsgtg#n:%ZSt JO&EUEK;W2Q:W#>!e3)K53Qm2h "mBu&M(wD(+W,K$ c8v\B^_UHJL#MqLD-a_Wd0]aYc+6dt5uBSf7= G hI'3ANn>B)[}avc;e$Lt-Q #myZ7otTy!ffu4|#eM0t3 Y>"3 &j@8TIP1>E:]d,sP^?TPh}trgS%@x\ ~'#(| , cjP>[$ffI#BaY?hRCs))+`cH25`jNk&:D(5_,\?+YOwQ0`(QM While there is a long way to go before women enjoy the full fruits of equality, their growing involvement in Cambodia's political life has injected a new vitality into it and placed a greater emphasis on social issues. ("V $'&(e|14BfB8Ch7=B9psU{w7zC8OE4f$A/BTzju+Wt9Uz;PdEOoC(qsmv$,N34nv& At this time, women accounted for some 60% of the population.