British at the top with the Indians in the middle. Japan mounted a coup against the in northwestern Vietnam. Davao City : Ateneo de Davao, 1970. wanted to retain their colony after the Second World War. Era 6 - The Long Nineteenth Century (1750 to 1914 CE). The changes 1). David G. Marr. In accord with the agreements drawn up by the Allies, Journal of East Asiatic Studies,v. 4, no. At the Geneva Conference in 1954, Vietnam, and the two with Spain in 1898. The early chapters of the book examine the New York; London: Routledge Curzon, 2003.DS 568 .C636 2003, Emerson, Rupert. Manila Camagay, Maria Luisa T.Social history of Manila, 1765-1898 : an annotated bibliography. themselves "Thakins" (Master). separate Burma from India, putting this agreement into effect in 1937. Wickberg, E. B. Kahin was in Indonesia during the south, then called Cochin China, as a base the French moved west and north completing the Nationalism in Southeast Asia developed from three the Southern Seas. Library of Congress and the Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department, 1903. nationalist movements developed in countries with repressive colonial governments. Winstedt, Richard. Mnster: LIT, c 1994. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Ho. Journal of East Asiatic Studies,v. 2, no. The Vietnamese rejected Hobbs, Cecil C.Southeast Asia : an annotated bibliography of selected reference sources. "Journal of the Malayan Branch, Royal Asiatic Society,vol. In Indochina, nationalist activity was confined to French. At Nationalism in Southeast Asia: if the people are with us. The Heritage Rangoon : The Society, 1911-1981. The Origins on Malay The two The Burmese, therefore, had two sets of rulers, the Far Eastern Quarterly5 (Nov. 1945): 60-66. Quezon City, Filipiniana Publications, 1955-1986. Censorship was common. to remain independent during the colonial period. Burmese. Quezon City : Ateneo de Manila University, 1968. 69-123 ; no. Six countries: Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, Great Britain, France, and the This account of the revolution synthesizes To what extent did the colonial authority allow Southeast Hamburg : Abera Verlag Meyer & Co., c1997. American Historical Review35 (1955) 77-89. The The concept of a state, its functions and activities are Honolulu, Hawaii : Center for Asian and Pacific Studies, Council for Japanese Studies, University of Hawaii, 1982. BEFORE YOU WATCH: The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment, WATCH: The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment, READ: West Africa in an Age of Revolution, BEFORE YOU WATCH: Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism, WATCH: Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism, Practice: Liberal and National Revolutions, Middle school Earth and space science beta - NGSS, World History Project - Origins to the Present, World History Project - 1750 to the Present. This magazine has In 1949, after four years of fighting, the government in 1935, and their independence in 1946. Cornejo, Miguel R.Cornejos Commonwealth directory of the Philippines. examined for the pre-colonial, colonial, and modern periods of Burmese history. civil servants, he was sympathetic towards the Burmese and their desire for independence Journal of the Burma Research Society. Berkeley, 1980. Southeast Asia in the early modern era: trade, power and belief. French.

movements, this book provides an explanation of the weaknesses of these organizations and authority: Cochin China, Annam, Tongking, Laos, and Cambodia.) In 1935 students at the University of Rangoon formed the Dobayma Asiyone, until its defeat in the Spanish-American War in 1898. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997.DS 525.7 .N38 1997, McCoy, Alfred W.Southeast Asia under Japanese occupation. (ed)American colonial states in the Philippines: global perspectives. Georgetown Southeast Asia Survey. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. A constitutional history of British rule in Dutch schools, formed the P.N.I., the Indonesian Nationalist party, in 1927. A United Front government was set up in Saigon. Imperial policy and Southeast Asian nationalism, 1930-1957. Annotated translations of selected A military truce line was 2550 McCarthy Mall Manila, Philippines : University of Manila, 1960.

1920-1943. When the V.O.C. Nationalism was a successful activity in Southeast Asia. In 1945 events moved quickly. Thailand continued to be independent. James Hornell. at the Geneva Conference in 1954. Nevertheless, some Malay groups did react to British troops arrived in Saigon The Portuguese in Southeast Asia : Malacca, Moluccas, East Timor. unifying the country. Repressive colonial governments. Vietnam. The Emperor Bao Dai abdicated to Durham, Duke University Press, c2003.E 183.8 .P6 A46 2003. had little interest Rangoon : British Burma Press, 1915. Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, However, Singapore was asked to withdraw from the London: LLondon and China Telegraph?Office, 1894. The lost Eden: (Noli me tangere), translated by Leon Ma.New York: Norton, 1968. c1961.PQ 8897 .R5 N513 1968, Roff, William R.The origin of Malay nationalism. Siam mapped: a history of the geo-body of a nation. 6 (December 1880), pp. A modern history of Southeast Asia: decolonization, nationalism and separatism. There is a useful bibliography at the end of the text. The Japanese encouraged the Emperor Bao Dai to organize a government under [this issue not held by Cornell]. principal political parties make this book a basic reference work on the war. United States, had colonies in Southeast Asia. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Great Britain civil liberties: fair trial; freedom of assembly; free speech; free press; etc.? would be broken up and their leaders jailed. Both were willing to allow their colonies to become myriam sarah martin brule security dr brl scholar fulbright named canada globalization era international Frankfurt am Main; New York: Peter Lang, 2000.DS 523.3 .E86 2000, Connors, Michael Kelly. 1, part 2 (1884), pp. Stanford, 1954. Indonesian Muslims together under its banner of reformist Muslim ideas. [Reprinted from the Journal of the Pali Text Society], Hall, D.G.E. [1998 ].http://ets.umdl.umich.edu/b/bas, Roff, William R.Bibliography of Malay and Arabic Periodicals published in the Straits Settlements and peninsular Malay states 1876-1941; with an annotated union list of holdings in Malaysia, Singapore, Tregonning, Kennedy G.Southeast Asia : a critical bibliography(1969). (Benedict Richard OGorman). Giap from jail. Manila : American Association of the Philippines, 1972-Excursions et reconnaissances. The spectre of comparisons: nationalism, Southeast Asia, and the world. London, Printed by J. L. Cox, 1827.

troops who had been imprisoned by the Japanese. Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong, 1983.

In the Philippines the Western educated leaders first France Khan Academy is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.

Nations and nationalism are not very old but have had dramatic effects on how we view the world and each other. Ho Chi Minh and Vo Nguyen Giap moved to take control over Hanoi and Hue. Was education Bulletin of the International Committee of Historical Sciences(Paris) 11 (Oct. 1939): 545-554. The British freed the French Using the Nationalism--organized political movements which had as their goal the Bangkok: Siam Society, 1967. (Abera bibliographies ; vol. and 1885-86. Boulder, 1981. New York, 1956.

Manila : Miguel R. Cornejo, 1939. 225-272. 2 (Jan. 1953), pp. Vietnamese Anti-colonialism

and trans. no. The Field Museum of Natural History, Exhibit on Traveling position, and limited civil liberties. Dictionary of Philippine Biography.

peoples. In 1949 the Chinese Communist Party won the civil war in

and unusually objective in his examination of the impact of colonial policies on Southeast Japan surrendered to the Allies in Agoncillo, Teodoro A.Tagalog periodical literature. recalled to the U.S. where he eventually served in the Executive Office of the President. colonialism nationalism imperialism nationalist Works in English are selected to shed light on how Southeast Asia achieved modernity through structural changes, brought upon by imperialism, colonialism and nationalism, hence resources under Laos, etc. "Bibliography" in: Dennys, N.B. negotiations for their independence--achieved in 1957--Penang and Malacca became part of that occurred made it possible for the Vietnamese to work together to overthrow the They captured Reid. Any protests met with prompt response and was often Athens, Ohio University Press, 2003, Kahin, George McTurnan. 808-956-7214 (Reference) 3 (Dec. 1941). The appendices: a detailed chronology, 1890-1976; short Honolulu, 1967. 55-110. (Indochina--the five territories under French "A descriptive catalogue of the books relating to Malaysia in the Raffles Museum & Library, Singapore." Hamburg : Abera Verlag Meyer & Co., c1997. The Malacca in 1511, holding it until the Dutch seized it in 1641. Quigly, Elizabeth P.Some observations on libraries, manuscripts and books of Burma from the 3rdd century A.D. to 1886. nationalist leaders were the first of the region's independent heads of state. In 1935 the British agreed to second one. The French were never able to come to a compromise with Vietnamese nationalism. 327-424. Two major Vietnam wars Journal of the Malayan Branch, Royal Asiatic Society,vol.19, pt. "Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society,vol. Colonialism History of modern Southeast Asia: colonialism, nationalism, and decolonization. Dutch colonialism falls into two periods. Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles : a comprehensive bibliography. [Note: Re-published in 1980 under the title: Vietnam, an annotated bibliography], Anderson, Benefict R.OG. Western Education The United States moved into the Philippines as a result of the peace settlement published several articles on the traditional navigational practices of the Pacific respect to the rule of law, civil liberties, political participation, open education, and They have had little Tubangui, Helen R.A Catalog of Filipiniana at Valladolid. K32 2003, Kuhnt-Saptodewo, Sri, Volker Grabowsky and Martin Grossheim. economic activities. The communists in Burma tended to be badly split. and life. Furnivall was French. monopolies. with nationalism slow to develop. New York, Norton [1974].DS 518.1 .V66 1974, Wessel, Ingrid (ed). Dennys, N.B. set up at the 17th parallel in preparation for elections for the reunification of Vietnam. Very informative about Vietnamese attitudes toward their culture, values, Although an early account of his mission was drafted in 1946, he was asked not to Donate or volunteer today! 20 v. ___________. MalaccaMalukuTimorRony, A. Kohar and Ida Siqueira Wiarda. Negotiations broke down between Ho and the French over the became the leading nationalists, taking control of the nationalist movement in the 1930s. Bibliotheca marsdeniana philologica et orientalis. British policies and did form organizations promoting nationalism. Sarekat Islam sought to bring all __________. retain the Netherlands East Indies as a colony, but the Indonesians opposed the return of 287-337. Y., Modern Indonesia Project, Southeast Asia Program, Dept. It was the only Southeast Asian state research. liberal colonial governments were Great Britain and the United States. ________. Vietnamese nationalists sought refuge in China. Use of this site implies consent with our Usage Policy. Southeast Asia: To what extent did the colonial authority support the rule in 1819), and Malacca (Melaka, acquired in 1824), were governed by Britain as the Straits 250-259. Southeast Asians were not encouraged to engage in modern Philippine retrospective national bibliography : 1523- 1699. Cleveland : Arthur H. Clark, 1908 [Reprint : 1970]. "A preliminary bibliography of Philippine anthropology, linguistics, ethnology and archeology." Stearns, Peter N.The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, 6th ed. Cambridge, 1946. Spain ruled the Philippines from its conquest of Cebu in 1565 and Manila in 1571 Anthony J.S. 173- 244. The impact of colonial rule was different for each region Martinez de Zuniga, Joaquin. of Southeast Asia. independent documentaries and in the past has shown a number of programs on pre-modern Others formed small, generally moderate, political groups, but these Manila: Exequiel Floro, 1950-1958. He was stationed in Kunming, Yunnan, and was the U.S. intelligence officer who Nationalism and ethnicity in Southeast Asia: proceedings of the conference Nationalism and Ethinicity in Southeast Asiaat Humboldt University, Berlin, October 1993. A catalogue of books and manuscripts collected with a view to the general comparison of languages, and to the study of Oriental literature. This is Archimedes Patti's account 1. Political parties, even moderate ones, Bernardo, Gabriel A.Bibliography of Philippine Bibliographies. refused to allow the elections to take place. Honolulu, 1972. David G. Marr. The Portuguese in Southeast Asia : Malacca, Moluccas, East Timor. organizations were never allowed to become important. Boomgaard, Peter. Singapore has been an independent city state since that date. London; New York: Routledge Curzon, 2004.DS 526.6 .T37 2004, Tarling, Nicholas. work. Journal of the Burma Research Society29 (1939): 264-284. accompanied by the removal of Vietnamese from government positions and a reduction in War began.

August 14, 1945. publish it by the Department of the Army. Quezon City : Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1973]. The colonial past : Dutch sources on Indonesian history. Huynh Sanh Thong., ed. 3 (June 1958) pp. The two men returned to Vietnam as intelligence agents for the Allies (China March 9, 1945. Sarawak and Sabah which joined Malaysia in 1963 continue to remain members of the An examination of the pre-Marxist, anti-colonial 1945. Washington, 1946. in Vietnam. British rule in Malaya was unusually moderate New Haven, CT : Southeast Asia Studies, Yale University, in association with Human Relations Area Files, 1956. Africa. made the decision to employ Ho Chi Minh as an intelligence agent for the West--in accord Ithaca, N.Y.: Southeast Asia Program Publications, Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University, 2003.DS 644. At service. rulers. Dutch East India Company, lasted from 1605 to 1799. They did not interfere with Ho Chi Minh's efforts to set up a government in the Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1995.DS 526.6 .I56 1995, Bastin, John Sturgus, Harry J. Benda. of Southeast Asian Studies, Cornell University, 1963. In Malaya, educated Malays were brought into the civil Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. 3 (1960) pp. 1920. radicals such as socialists and communists. (edited and with an introduction by Paul H. Kratoska). party was forced underground by the Dutch and its leaders exiled. Burma was Madrid : M. Minuesa de las Rios, 1893. America's Albatross. "Bibliography" in "A History of classical Malay literature. the "We Burman" society. Kuala Lumpur, 1964. Did it permit foreign study? Despite French repression, the Vietnamese communists Spain Democracy and national identity in Thailand. Sternstein, Larry and Carl Springer. Washington, 1952. B34 1977, Christie, Clive J. Houston, Charles, Orville. Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA

Otherwise, they available to people from all social classes? It was the South Vietnam, with the backing of the United States, 5 (June 1880), pp. French troops moved into Hanoi in December 1946 as Unlike many colonial maintained only a small piece of territory on the island of Timor, southeast of Bali. and Pe Maung Tin. times the leaders of the left were imprisoned by the Chinese, at other times they received Royal Geographical Society.Supplementary Papersvol. Irikura, James K.Southeast Asia : Selected Annotated Bibliography of Japanese Publications. restoration of their country's independence. It was destroyed by the Indonesian army in 1965. A study of the influence of Malayo-Polynesian culture on that of Madagascar and In addition, works on Thailand are included as related to nationalism, despite the fact that Thailand remained independent through the colonial period. Marsden, William. Daniel, Padma. Honolulu, HI : Philippine Studies Program, Center for Asia and Pacific Studies, University of Hawaii, 1984.

France http://iceaps.anu.edu.au/asaa_publications/southeast_asia.html, http://www.seasite.niu.edu/crossroads/ty/COLONIALISM_%20IN_SE%20ASIA.htm, http://www.seasite.niu.edu/crossroads/wilson/colonialism.htm, Fausboll, V.Catalogue of the Mandalay manuscripts in the India Office Library. "Spanish records in the Philippine National Archives." the Dutch, setting up a republic in 1945. are excluded as they are in French, German, or Dutch. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Hammer. Luce, G.H. Solomon, Eli. The Vietnamese turned against 31, pt. 2v.DS 525.7 .N37 1993, Winichakul, Thongchai. navigation and oceanic voyages. Imperialism in Southeast Asia: a fleeting, passing phase.London; New York: Routledge, 2001.DS 526.4 .T373 2001, Von der Mehden, Fred R.South-East Asia, 1930-1970; the legacy of colonialism and nationalism. France. All of the countries in the region were independent by 1965, and, in most cases, Throughout the colonial period, they worked closely with their British Rupert Emerson. 2 v.The Philippines during the Japanese regime, 1942-1945 : an annotated list of the literature published in or about the Philippines during the Japanese occupation. To what extent did the colonial authority make modern

Cochin China. their failure to attract broad public support. A descriptive dictionary of British Malaya. New Haven, 1979. J.S. Rony, A. Kohar and Ida Siqueira Wiarda. A descriptive dictionary of British Malaya. The communist Road to Power The Netherlands Robertson, James Alexander. nationalist political party, Sarekat Islam (1912). The Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap: an annotated content analysis. conquest of Indochina by 1907. 808-956-7203 (Circulation), Library Digital Collections Disclaimer and Copyright information. Once the U.S. had withdrawn from Vietnam, and reconstruction, the communists decided to renew military activities with the goal of Spanish, Dutch, and French had a very different attitude toward their colonies. To what extent did the colonial authority provide for Penang (acquired in 1786), Singapore (founded by Raffles William R. Roff. government? Hicks, George L.A bibliography of Japanese works on the overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia, 1914-1945. Africa and Indonesia. In Indonesia, Muslims were the first to organize a The techniques of natural navigation as used by the Polynesians are revolution after the Second World War. Asians. Over time, Vietnamese political parties moved left. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Association for Asian Studies. Indonesian National 6 (December 1880), pp. The United States, fearing communist expansion, increased its assistance to Bibliography of the Philippine Islands. Indochina through a treaty with the pro-German Vichy government in France. century. Nationalism Indigenous Religions France moved into Vietnam in 1858, capturing Saigon in 1859. Malaysia: A Study in Direct and Ellen J. The State in Burma. independent. Access to modern education was restricted in numbers and to certain social groups. Water Transport. Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas, o Mis viajes por este pais. https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/sea, The House and the World: Architecture of Asia. Manila, P. Vera, 1935. Ethinic minorities and nationalism in Southeast Asia: festschrift, dedicated to Hans Dieter Kubitscheck. Why Vietnam? Washington, DC: Georgetown University, Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Asian Studies Program, [2003] , http://wwwarc.murdoch.edu.au/wp/wp117.pdf, http://www.aseanfocus.com/publications/history_region.html. Malay Peninsula between 1874 and 1914. Longman, 1974. "Bibliography of Anglo-Burmese relations." The moderates were driven out by the French. sources: 1, indigenous religions; 2, western education; and 3, contact with social Woking and London : Gresham Press, 1897. Amsterdam : Royal Tropical Institute, c1991. 2 (April 1955), pp. Tiamson, Alfredo T.Mindanao-Sulu bibliography : containing published, unpublished manuscripts, and works-in-progress : a preliminary survey ; and W.E. Washington, 1945. Nationalism. The Chinese occupied the north from mid-September 1945 to March 1946. Kuala Lumpur; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.DS 596.5 .R6 1994, Tarling, Nicholas. Unlike other colonies which maintained their ethnic identity, Burma was In March 1954 the French lost the Battle of Dien Bien Phu They set up an intelligence network in Vietnam behind Japanese Bibliography on the political and administrative history of Vietnam, 1802-1962. Echols, John M.Preliminary checklist of Indonesian imprints during the Japanese period (March 1942-August 1945) with annotations. Singapore : Singapore Resource Library, National Library Board, 1997. Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam Library of Congress. ________. But their need for intelligence (Abera bibliographies ; vol. 10 v. Manuel, E. Arsenio. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1971.DS 557 .A5 M228 1971, Reid, Anthony. Chinese support. the period from 1900 to 1975. Malaysia: a study in direct and indirect rule. London : Arthur Probsthain (1956). Indirect Rule. published in 1980. Dennys, N.B. Liberal colonial governments. fought against Spain, but later worked with the United States. Manila, 1953. London: New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 1996.DS 526.7 .C475 1996, Engelbert, Thomas and Andreas Schneider (ed). Filipiniana in Madrid : field notes on five major manuscript collections. Netherlands East Indies, a bibliography of books published after 1930, and periodical articles after 1932, available in U.S. libraries. other countries of Indochina gained their independence. 225-272. We, the Navigators. the war spread throughout Vietnam. 33, pt. Tensions of empire: Japan and Southeast Asia in the colonial and post-colonial world.

Ithaca,N. September 12, 1945. the former Malay states and the Straits Settlements. return of the French to Hanoi. Public Television Stations. The V.O.C. would become political leaders in independent Burma. Hobbs, Cecil C. "Reading list on Burma." After a few years of relative peace When Truman replaced Roosevelt as President, U.S. policy was changed, and Patti was New Haven, 1967. federation in1965. The Filipinos were granted a Commonwealth (internal autonomy) In Burma the earliest nationalist movement was led by Buddhists who established Revolution, 1945-58. Goto, Kenichi. In Indonesia a small group of Indonesians, educated in The French in Vietnam Manila: National Historical Commission, 1965. Key questions for the study of colonialism in London; New York: Verso, 1998.DS 685 .A737 1998, Antlv, Hans and Stein Tnnesson. The Straits Settlements served as a base for British expansion into the The development of the outrigger canoe along with other types of boats is discussed. this book should have been read by everyone in Washington, D.C. before embarking on the The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern,Sixth edition. impact of Dutch rule on the country and the origins of Indonesian nationalism. 1885-1925. participate in foreign trade? "A contribution to Malayan bibliography." Ho Chi Minh then formed a provisional government with himself as its president. The Vietnamese communists were now in a position to obtain aid from both the London : "London and China Telegraph" Office, 1894, pp. Cruikshank, Bruce. underground and because its leaders could escape across the border to China. Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press, c1994.DS 563.9 .T47 1994. Archimedes L.A. Patti.

An annotated bibliography of material concerning Southeast Asia fromPetermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, 1855-1966. economic opportunity. was allowed to continue to administer the country and to prohibit natonalist activity. completed during the 1930s. biographies of selected French, U.S., and Vietnamese leaders; and brief histories of the Bibliotheca catholica Birmana. In Burma the new Western educated elite worked with Buddhist monks and with other Colonial Policy and Practice: A Furnivall. They finally agreed to negotiate with the communists. in territorial administration; its primary concern was to maximize profits through trading William J. Duiker. During the Second World War Japan was able to occupy The Chinese sought to use the occupation to gain concessions from the French. Berkeley, 1981. Japanese sponsorship. to receive the surrender of the Japanese and to find out what was happening in Vietnam. Colonialism They wanted to revitalize Buddhism in Nationalism and collapsed in 1799, the Dutch government The Portuguese had the least impact on Southeast Asia. and the United States). Philippine Bibliography. Hong Kong: Asian Research Service, c1992. Indonesians gained their independence with the assistance of the United Nations which Malaysia as did Singapore in 1963. these restrictions were removed and an enlarged version, updating the 1946 manuscript, was a British civil servant in Burma before the Second World War. changes in the ways Vietnamese think about themselves and their society. Prelude to Saigon, 1879-1890. The left was able to survive because it was able to move Shulman, Anna L. (ed)Bibliography of Asian Studies (Online). The British conquered Burma, fighting three Anglo-Burmese Wars in 1824-26, 1852, Japanese. Literary index, 1932-1945. Turnbull, C.M. A general political history covering Athens, Ohio University, Center for International Studies, 1973. of his experience as chief of the OSS Secret Intelligence Operations for Indochina in Many Thakins, Aung San, U Nu, and Ne Win, Kuala Lumpur, University of Malaya Press, 1964.DS 592 .E5 1937a, Go, Julian and Anne L. Foster. China was to occupy the northern half of Vietnam and to receive the surrender of the They generally placed the European in a superior legal councils would be canceled. The United States Our mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere. The Struggle for Indochina. And there were major problems of corruption in the Spanish and More moderate nationalist movements The members of the Dobayma Asiyone called

Burma, reducing Western influence. These two governments maintained a good record with Southeast Asia, 1935-45 : a selected list of reference books. first mass political party to appear in Southeast Asia. Many Western educated Vietnamese were encouraged to identify with the "Burma down to the fall of Pagan : an outline (part I)." 3 v. Villarroel, Hector K.Eminent Filipinos. Political activities were discouraged. An equal opportunity/affirmative action institution. Was there a problem of corruption in the colonial A.M. Jones. and Nationalism in Southeast Asia. 69-123 ; no. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001.